Topic: Glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis, renal failure
Question: Mention clinical features of infection associated glomerulonephritis.
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Infection-associated glomerulonephritis (IAGN) refers to a group of renal diseases where glomerular inflammation is triggered by an infection, typically bacterial. The most common causative agents are streptococcal bacteria, especially in the context of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. The clinical features of infection-associated glomerulonephritis include:
- Hematuria:
- Dark or tea-colored urine due to the presence of red blood cells in the urine.
- Microscopic hematuria is often present.
- Proteinuria:
- Elevated levels of protein in the urine, which may manifest as foamy or frothy urine.
- Hypertension:
- Elevated blood pressure is a common finding and can contribute to the progression of renal damage.
- Edema:
- Swelling, typically around the eyes, face, and ankles, due to fluid retention.
- Oliguria:
- Reduced urine output, which may result from impaired renal function.
- Azotemia:
- Elevated blood levels of nitrogen waste products (urea and creatinine) due to impaired kidney function.
- Renal Dysfunction:
- Decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and impaired renal function.
- Flank Pain:
- Pain or discomfort in the area of the kidneys, often associated with inflammation.
- Systemic Symptoms:
- Fever and malaise may be present, especially if the underlying infection is ongoing.
- Hypoalbuminemia:
- Low levels of serum albumin, a protein that helps maintain blood volume and regulate fluid balance.
- Hyperlipidemia:
- Elevated levels of lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides) in the blood.
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