Topic: Applied anatomy including blood and nerve supply of upper and lower limbs and joints of shoulder, hip and knee.
Question: Write on anatomy of knee joint under the following heads, i)ligaments ii)menisci iii) nerve supply iv) movements.
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Ligaments:
- Medial (tibial) collateral ligament – Attaches to the medial epicondyle of the femur and the medial condyle and shaft of the tibia. Resists valgus stress and lateral rotation.
- Lateral (fibular) collateral ligament – Attaches to the lateral epicondyle of the femur and the head of the fibula. Resists varus stress and medial rotation.
- Anterior cruciate ligament – Attaches to the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia and posteromedial aspect of lateral femoral condyle. Resists anterior translation and internal rotation of the tibia.
- Posterior cruciate ligament – Attaches to the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia and anterolateral aspect of medial femoral condyle. Resists posterior translation and external rotation of the tibia.
- Transverse ligament – Connects anterior edges of the menisci.
- Oblique popliteal ligament – Connects posterior horn of lateral meniscus to the tendon of popliteus muscle.
Menisci:
- Medial meniscus – Semicircular, attaches to the medial tibial condyle via coronary and deep medial ligaments. Shock absorber.
- Lateral meniscus – Circular, attaches to lateral tibial condyle. Covers larger surface area compared to medial meniscus. Shock absorber.
Nerve Supply:
- Femoral nerve – Supplies the quadriceps muscles via posterior division. Also supplies articular branches to the knee joint.
- Sciatic nerve – Divides into common peroneal and tibial nerves. Supplies hamstring muscles and all muscles below the knee via these branches.
- Common peroneal nerve – Supplies short head of biceps femoris.
Movements:
- Flexion – 0 to 135 degrees
- Extension – 135 to 0 degrees
- Medial Rotation – 0 to 30 degrees
- Lateral Rotation – 0 to 40 degrees
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