Topic: tongue, thyroid, mammary gland
Question: Write short answers on a.Blood supply of thyroid gland.
b.Explain the embryological basis for possible abnormal locations of the
thyroid gland.
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a. Blood supply of thyroid gland:
The thyroid gland receives an extensive blood supply via the superior thyroid artery, inferior thyroid artery, and sometimes the thyroid ima artery.
– Superior thyroid artery arises from the external carotid artery and supplies the upper pole of the thyroid lobe.
– Inferior thyroid artery is a branch of the thyrocervical trunk of the subclavian artery and supplies the lower pole.
– Thyroid ima artery is an inconsistent vessel that arises directly from the aortic arch to supply the thyroid gland.
The superior, inferior, and ima thyroid arteries form a rich anastomotic network around and within the thyroid lobes and isthmus. This extensive vascular supply is critical for the functional role of the thyroid in producing and secreting thyroid hormones.
b. Embryological basis for abnormal thyroid locations:
The thyroid gland descends from the foramen cecum of the tongue to its normal pretracheal position in front of the trachea. Abnormal descent can result in ectopic thyroid tissue.
– Lingual thyroid – if the thyroid remains at the foramen cecum.
– Sublingual thyroid – if arrested in the front of the tongue during descent.
– Pretracheal or retrosternal thyroid – if descent is incomplete and it remains high in the neck.
– Thyroglossal duct cysts – remnants of the thyroglossal duct form cysts along the tract.
The key factors are errors during the migration of thyroid precursor tissue down from the tongue to the lower neck during weeks 4-10 of embryonic development. Failure to descend completely leads to ectopic thyroid tissue.
Table:
| Abnormal Location | Embryological Basis |
|---|---|
| Lingual thyroid | Arrest of descent before reaching normal position |
| Sublingual thyroid | Arrest of descent before reaching normal position |
| Pre-laryngeal thyroid | Arrest of descent before reaching normal position |
| Retro-esophageal thyroid | Abnormal migration posterior to esophagus |
| Retro-tracheal thyroid | Abnormal migration posterior to trachea |
So in summary, abnormal thyroid locations arise from abnormalities in the descent of the gland from the tongue to the neck during embryonic development. Arrest of descent or abnormal migration leads to ectopic thyroid tissue.
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