Topic: Humoral and cell mediated immunity.
Question: Draw a diagram of IgA? What are the roles played by it?
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IgA is a type of antibody that is found in high concentrations in mucosal surfaces, such as the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts. The structure of IgA is unique compared to other antibodies, as it exists in two forms: a monomeric form and a dimeric form.
The monomeric form of IgA is similar in structure to other antibodies, consisting of two heavy chains and two light chains that are held together by disulfide bonds. The dimeric form of IgA, on the other hand, consists of two monomeric IgA molecules that are joined together by a protein called the J chain. The J chain allows the IgA molecules to bind to a receptor called the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), which is expressed on the surface of epithelial cells in mucosal tissues.
Once the dimeric IgA binds to the pIgR, the complex is taken up by the epithelial cell and transported across the cell to the apical surface, where it is released into the lumen of the mucosal tissue. The pIgR is then cleaved, leaving a portion of the receptor called the secretory component attached to the dimeric IgA. The secretory component protects the IgA from degradation by proteolytic enzymes in the lumen and helps to anchor the IgA to the mucosal surface.
The roles played by IgA in the immune system include:
- Neutralization of pathogens: IgA can bind to pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, and prevent them from attaching to and infecting host cells.
- Prevention of colonization: IgA can prevent colonization of mucosal surfaces by pathogens, reducing the risk of infection.
- Immune exclusion: IgA can prevent the uptake of antigens by epithelial cells, reducing the risk of an immune response and inflammation.
- Modulation of the immune response: IgA can modulate the immune response by regulating the activity of other immune cells, such as dendritic cells and T cells.
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