Topic: Pathogenesis and histopathology of bronchogenic carcinoma, carcinoma breast, oral cancer, cancer cervix
Question: Describe the major risk factors associated with carcinoma of lung. Give the gross, microscopic features
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Lung cancer, also known as carcinoma of the lung, is one of the most common and deadly types of cancer worldwide. The major risk factors associated with lung cancer include:
- Smoking: Smoking is the single most important risk factor for lung cancer, accounting for approximately 80-90% of all cases. Both active smoking and passive smoking (exposure to secondhand smoke) increase the risk of lung cancer.
- Exposure to occupational hazards: Exposure to certain occupational hazards, such as asbestos, radon, arsenic, and diesel exhaust, can increase the risk of lung cancer.
- Air pollution: Exposure to outdoor air pollution, particularly fine particulate matter, has been linked to an increased risk of lung cancer.
- Family history: A family history of lung cancer may increase the risk of developing the disease.
- Age: The risk of lung cancer increases with age, with most cases occurring in people over the age of 65.
The gross and microscopic features of lung cancer can vary depending on the type and stage of the disease. Here are some general features:
Gross features:
- Size and shape: Lung cancers can vary in size and shape, ranging from small, well-circumscribed nodules to large, irregular masses.
- Location: Lung cancers can occur in any part of the lung, but are most commonly found in the upper lobes.
- Color: Lung cancers can vary in color, ranging from white or gray to yellow or brown.
Microscopic features:
- Cell type: Lung cancers can be classified into two main types based on the type of cells they originate from: non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). NSCLC is the most common type, accounting for approximately 85% of all cases.
- Histology: The histology of lung cancer can vary depending on the type and stage of the disease. For example, NSCLC can be further classified into several subtypes, including adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma, based on the appearance of the cancer cells under a microscope.
- Invasion: Lung cancers can invade nearby tissues and structures, such as the pleura, chest wall, and mediastinum, and can also spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or bloodstream.
- Necrosis
