Topic: Conduction and transmission of impulse, mechanism of contraction, neuromuscular transmission, reflexes, control of equilibrium
Question: Elaborate on the process of neuromuscular transaction with the help of a diagram.
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The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the site where a motor neuron communicates with a muscle fiber to initiate muscle contraction. The process of neuromuscular transmission involves several steps, which are illustrated in the diagram below:
- Action potential in the motor neuron: The process of neuromuscular transmission is initiated by an action potential that travels along the axon of a motor neuron. The action potential causes the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic terminal of the motor neuron.
- Release of neurotransmitters: The neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic vesicles within the presynaptic terminal. When an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal, it triggers the influx of calcium ions (Ca2+) into the terminal through voltage-gated calcium channels. The influx of Ca2+ causes the synaptic vesicles to fuse with the plasma membrane and release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.
- Binding of neurotransmitters to receptors: The neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic terminal diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to specific receptors located on the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber. The primary neurotransmitter involved in neuromuscular transmission is acetylcholine (ACh), which binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on the muscle fiber.
- Depolarization of the muscle fiber: The binding of ACh to nAChRs causes the opening of ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane, which allows the influx of positively charged ions (such as sodium and potassium) into the muscle fiber. The influx of ions causes the depolarization of the muscle fiber, which initiates an action potential that propagates along the sarcolemma and triggers muscle contraction.
- Termination of the signal: The signal is terminated by the breakdown of ACh by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is located in the synaptic cleft. The breakdown of ACh prevents further binding to nAChRs and allows the ion channels to close, which restores the resting membrane potential of the muscle fiber.
Here is a diagram illustrating the process of neuromuscular transmission:
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