Topic: Antibiotics, Antimalaria; Antikala-azar,Antidiabetics
Question: Mention mechanism of action and adverse effects of Aminoglycosides
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Mechanisms of Action:
– Bind to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, disrupting the reading of mRNA and causing misreading of the genetic code. This results in altered proteins and cell death.
– Increased permeability of bacterial cell membrane – aminoglycosides create pores that allow leakage of intracellular contents.
Adverse Effects:
– Nephrotoxicity – damage to the kidneys and renal tubules leading to acute kidney injury. Caused by accumulation of the drug in renal cortex.
– Ototoxicity – damage to vestibular and cochlear apparatus causing hearing loss and balance disorders. Damage is usually permanent.
– Neuromuscular blockade – aminoglycosides can block neuromuscular transmission resulting in respiratory paralysis, although this is rare.
– Hypersensitivity – rash, fever, eosinophilia, liver toxicity. Anaphylaxis can occur with IV infusion.
– GI upset – nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. Disruption of GI microbiome.
– Electrolyte abnormalities – hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia due to renal wasting.
– Injection site reactions – pain, inflammation, phlebitis with IV infusion.
Table summarizing mechanism of action:
| Mechanism | Details |
|---|---|
| Binding to 30S ribosomal subunit | Causes misreading of mRNA codons |
| Incorporation of wrong amino acids | Leads to nonfunctional proteins |
| Disruption of protein synthesis | Results in bacterial cell death |
Table summarizing adverse effects:
| Adverse Effect | Mechanism |
|---|---|
| Nephrotoxicity | Damage to proximal renal tubule cells |
| Ototoxicity | Damage to hair cells in cochlea and vestibule |
| Neuromuscular blockade | Blockage of post-synaptic nicotinic receptors |
| Rash, fever | Allergic reactions to drug |
| Hepatotoxicity | Direct damage to liver cells |
In summary, aminoglycosides act by binding to bacterial ribosomes and disrupting protein synthesis. Key adverse effects are nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, and neuromuscular blockade.
Title: UPSC Medico Test Series: The Ultimate Guide to Cracking the UPSC CSE
Introduction:
The UPSC Civil Service Examination (CSE) is one of the most competitive exams in India. Every year, lakhs of candidates appear for the exam, but only a few thousand are selected. If you are a medical graduate and planning to take the UPSC CSE, then you need to take a UPSC medico test series.
A UPSC medico test series is a comprehensive preparation program that helps you to assess your strengths and weaknesses, identify your areas of improvement, and get familiar with the UPSC CSE exam pattern. It also provides you with an opportunity to practice answering questions under timed conditions.
Benefits of taking a UPSC medico test series:
There are many benefits of taking a UPSC medico test series. Some of the key benefits include:
- Helps you to assess your strengths and weaknesses: A UPSC medico test series will help you to identify your strengths and weaknesses in the various subjects that are covered in the UPSC CSE exam. This will help you to focus your preparation on the areas where you need the most improvement.
- Helps you to identify your areas of improvement: A UPSC medico test series will also help you to identify the areas where you need to improve. This will help you to develop a more targeted preparation plan.
- Gets you familiar with the UPSC CSE exam pattern: The UPSC CSE exam is a very different exam from the exams that you have taken in your college or university. A UPSC medico test series will help you to get familiar with the exam pattern, the type of questions that are asked, and the time constraints.
- Provides you with an opportunity to practice answering questions under timed conditions: The UPSC CSE exam is a timed exam. A UPSC medico test series will provide you with an opportunity to practice answering questions under timed conditions. This will help you to improve your time management skills and to develop a sense of urgency.
- Gives you a competitive edge: A UPSC medico test series will give you a competitive edge over other candidates. This is because you will be better prepared for the exam and you will have a better understanding of the exam pattern.
How to choose a UPSC medico test series:
There are many UPSC medico test series available in the market. When choosing a UPSC medico test series, you should consider the following factors:
- The reputation of the institute: Choose a UPSC medico test series that is offered by a reputable institute. This will ensure that the quality of the content and the teaching methodology are good.
- The syllabus coverage: Make sure that the UPSC medico test series covers the entire syllabus of the UPSC CSE exam.
- The number of tests: Choose a UPSC medico test series that offers a good number of tests. This will give you enough practice to answer questions under timed conditions.
- The feedback mechanism: Choose a UPSC medico test series that has a good feedback mechanism. This will help you to identify your areas of improvement and to track your progress.
- The price: UPSC medico test series can be expensive. Choose a UPSC medico test series that is affordable for you.
Conclusion:
A UPSC medico test series is an essential part of your preparation for the UPSC CSE exam. If you are serious about cracking the exam, then you should definitely take a UPSC medico test series.
Here are some additional tips for choosing a UPSC medico test series:
- Read reviews of different test series before making a decision.
- Ask your friends or colleagues who have taken the UPSC CSE exam for their recommendations.
- Consider taking a free trial of the test series before you commit to buying it.
I hope this article has been helpful. Good luck with your preparation for the UPSC CSE exam!
