Topic: Forensic examination of injuries and wounds; Examination of blood and seminal stains
Question: Write brief notes on, 1.Secondary impact and secondary injuries. 2.Partial hanging
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1. Secondary Impact and Secondary Injuries
– Secondary impact occurs when the body strikes an object or surface after the initial impact that caused injury.
– Can lead to additional injuries called secondary injuries.
– Examples:
– Fall from height – initial impact is when person hits ground. Secondary impact when body then hits a rock or curb.
– MVA – initial impact is collision. Secondary impact when occupant hits interior of vehicle.
– Secondary injuries often more serious as energy from secondary impact is absorbed by already damaged body.
– Common secondary injuries:
– Fractures – long bones, vertebrae, ribs, skull
– Intracranial hemorrhage
– Solid and hollow organ injuries – spleen, liver, bladder
– Spinal cord injuries
– Management involves stabilizing primary injuries first, then identifying and treating secondary injuries.
2. Partial Hanging
– Hanging where the body is partially supported and some body parts touch the ground.
– The noose does not completely occlude the airway as in complete hanging.
– Death can occur due to compression of carotid arteries and jugular veins reducing cerebral blood flow.
– Other mechanisms:
– Laryngotracheal injury
– Vagal reflex bradycardia/asystole
– Cerebral hypoxia from reduced CBF
– Incomplete occlusion → longer survival period → higher chances of neurologic recovery if rescued fast.
– Findings: petechiae, cyanosis of face, conjunctival hemorrhages, inverted V-shaped ligature mark.
– Management involves airway protection, oxygenation, revival of circulatory status. Imaging to assess injuries.
